Grundlagen für die Planung von ressourcenminimalen urbanen Strukturen.
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Herausgeber
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DE
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Stuttgart
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Zusammenfassung
Was zunächst als provokante Frage an seinen Schützling gedacht war, entwickelte sich zu seinem wohl berühmtesten Zitat. Bereits in den 1960er Jahren fragte Richard Buckminster Fuller: „How much does your building weigh?“ In den vorangegangenen Nachkriegsjahren stellte der Leichtbau bzw. das leichte Bauen eine Notwendigkeit dar, die für den Bausektor von essenzieller Bedeutung bei der Bewältigung der bevorstehenden Herausforderungen war. Mit Einzug des Wohlstands stieg der Ressourcen- und Rohstoffverbrauch global und vor allem in den Industrienationen deutlich an und erreicht nun durch einen gleichzeitigen immensen Anstieg der Weltbevölkerung jährlich neue Höchstpunkte. Ausgehend vom Jahr 2019, werden bis 2050 weltweit 2,46 Mrd. zusätzliche Menschen in den Städten leben. Für diese Fülle von neuen Stadtbewohnern müssen dort mit den vorhandenen, begrenzten Rohstoffen und Ressourcen Lebensräume geschaffen werden. Es stellt sich die Frage, wie für mehr Menschen mit weniger Material gebaut werden kann. Daher liegt der Fokus dieser Arbeit in der Erforschung von Grundlagen zur Planung von ressourcenminimalen urbanen Strukturen zu Wohnzwecken. Die Forschungsfragen, die sich daraus ergeben, lauten: a) Welche Parameter sind für eine ressourcenspezifische Betrachtung urbaner Strukturen relevant? b) Wie verändert sich in Abhängigkeit von der Bebauungsstruktur der Ressourcen- und Flächenverbrauch von Verkehrsanlagen und Gebäuden, bei einheitlicher baulicher Dichte? c) Wie verändern sich diese Ergebnisse bei veränderter baulicher Dichte? Dazu werden die Parameter Ressourcenverbrauch Gebäude, Ressourcenverbrauch Verkehrsanlagen, Flächenverbrauch, Bebaute Dichte, Gebäudetypologie und Bebauungsstruktur als relevant in Hinblick auf eine ressourcenbezogene Betrachtung identifiziert und auf einem 1 km² großen Betrachtungsfeld in Bezug zueinander gesetzt. Dafür werden drei urbane Dichten von 400, 4.000 und 20.000 Einwohnern pro Quadratkilometer durch fünf unterschiedliche Bebauungsweisen gebildet. Diese bestehen aus einer sortenreinen Bebauung durch Einfamilienhäuser, 4-geschossige Mehrfamilienhäuser, 6-geschossige Mehrfamilienhäuser, 20-geschossige Hochhäuser und 40-geschossige Hochhäuser. Eine Untersuchung von 15 daraus entstehenden Szenarien liefert zum einen Kenntnisse über die zu berücksichtigenden Variablen und deren Auswirkungen und gibt zum anderen Aufschluss darüber, welche Bebauungsstrukturen und Gebäudetypologien unter den hier gewählten Rahmenbedingungen am ressourcenschonendsten sind. Ziel ist es, Grundlagen und -kenntnisse dafür zu schaffen, dass Städteplaner und Architekten in die Lage versetzt werden, die ressourcenspezifischen Auswirkungen unterschiedlich gewählter Bebauungsstrukturen und städtebaulicher Dichten zu begreifen. Es zeigt sich, dass unabhängig von der Dichte, eine Bebauung durch 6-geschossige Mehrfamilienhäuser stets die ressourcenschonendste Bebauungsart darstellt. Obwohl Hochhäuser durch ihren geringen Grund- und Verkehrsflächenbedarf die Ressource Boden am wenigsten beanspruchen, fallen sie aufgrund ihrer schlechten Nutzungsflächeneffizienz und durch den erhöhten Materialverbrauch hinter die Mehrfamilienhausbebauung zurück.
What started as a provocative question, posed in the 1960s by Richard Buckminster Fuller probably became his most famous and most cited quote. His allegedly simple question was: “How much does your building weigh?” In the preceding years after WWII, building light was a necessity in order to master the challenges with which the building sector was confronted. With increasing prosperity, the consumption of resources and raw materials rose rapidly and reaches new peaks every year due to a simultaneous drastic increase in the world population. Based on projections from 2019, by 2050 there will live an additional 2,46 billion people in the world’s cities. For all these people, livable habitats need to be created using the available, limited resources. The main question is how to build more with less? For this reason, the focus of this work lies in the investigation of principles for the planning of resource-minimal, residential urban structures. The research questions that arise from this are as follows: a) What parameters are relevant for a resource specific analysis of urban structures? b) How do resource consumption and land use of infrastructure and buildings change, depending on the urban formation? c) How do these results vary with changing urban density? In the course of this thesis, the parameters resource consumption of infrastructure and buildings, land use, urban density, building typologies and urban formation are identified as resource-relevant and are put in relation to each other on a virtual study site. The site measures 1.000 m x 1.000 m and its framing parameters are similar to those in Germany in terms of building substance, GDP and climate conditions. Of all possible building typologies and urban formations, the study focuses on those that are representative of residential areas. This results in five different urban scenarios: 2-storey stand-alone single-family houses, 20- and 40- storey residential high-rise buildings, 4-storey apartment buildings in ribbon development and 6-storey apartment buildings in block structures. Since new urban environments are formed in various densities, these five building typologies are each placed on the site in three different densities: 400 residents per km², representing a rural area, 4,000 residents per km², representing a typical density for medium-sized cities with 1-4 million inhabitants and 20,000 residents per km², representing very dense urban structures such as Paris or Barcelona. In summary, this leads to 15 different case studies, that can provide information on which building typology is the most resource efficient under the given underlying conditions. It is the objective of this thesis to provide urban planners and architects with the ability to comprehend the resource specific impacts of different urban formations and densities. It shows that 6-storey apartment buildings always require the least amount of resources, regardless of the urban density. Furthermore, even though land use is lowest for high-rise buildings, due to their small footprint and little horizontal infrastructure, they are still ranked behind low-rise apartment buildings, on account of their inadequate floor area efficiency and increased resource use per m².
What started as a provocative question, posed in the 1960s by Richard Buckminster Fuller probably became his most famous and most cited quote. His allegedly simple question was: “How much does your building weigh?” In the preceding years after WWII, building light was a necessity in order to master the challenges with which the building sector was confronted. With increasing prosperity, the consumption of resources and raw materials rose rapidly and reaches new peaks every year due to a simultaneous drastic increase in the world population. Based on projections from 2019, by 2050 there will live an additional 2,46 billion people in the world’s cities. For all these people, livable habitats need to be created using the available, limited resources. The main question is how to build more with less? For this reason, the focus of this work lies in the investigation of principles for the planning of resource-minimal, residential urban structures. The research questions that arise from this are as follows: a) What parameters are relevant for a resource specific analysis of urban structures? b) How do resource consumption and land use of infrastructure and buildings change, depending on the urban formation? c) How do these results vary with changing urban density? In the course of this thesis, the parameters resource consumption of infrastructure and buildings, land use, urban density, building typologies and urban formation are identified as resource-relevant and are put in relation to each other on a virtual study site. The site measures 1.000 m x 1.000 m and its framing parameters are similar to those in Germany in terms of building substance, GDP and climate conditions. Of all possible building typologies and urban formations, the study focuses on those that are representative of residential areas. This results in five different urban scenarios: 2-storey stand-alone single-family houses, 20- and 40- storey residential high-rise buildings, 4-storey apartment buildings in ribbon development and 6-storey apartment buildings in block structures. Since new urban environments are formed in various densities, these five building typologies are each placed on the site in three different densities: 400 residents per km², representing a rural area, 4,000 residents per km², representing a typical density for medium-sized cities with 1-4 million inhabitants and 20,000 residents per km², representing very dense urban structures such as Paris or Barcelona. In summary, this leads to 15 different case studies, that can provide information on which building typology is the most resource efficient under the given underlying conditions. It is the objective of this thesis to provide urban planners and architects with the ability to comprehend the resource specific impacts of different urban formations and densities. It shows that 6-storey apartment buildings always require the least amount of resources, regardless of the urban density. Furthermore, even though land use is lowest for high-rise buildings, due to their small footprint and little horizontal infrastructure, they are still ranked behind low-rise apartment buildings, on account of their inadequate floor area efficiency and increased resource use per m².
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